Any day there will be a debate over whether to extend the Bush tax cuts to be continued into the future. As this is not likely to be a revenue neutral and will substantially increase the debt, there will be a question as to whether it otherwise makes economic sense. Lost in the current debate is who will buy the debt generated by the tax cuts. When the government borrows money, it issues debt instruments: treasury bills, bonds, etc. Within a fixed amount of time the US government pays the lender, even if issuing more debt at a faster rate (aka deficit spending). The simple answer as to who buys debt is those who have money to invest.
There are two types of borrowers, taxed and untaxed. Untaxed borrowers include governments, foreign and domestic. Among the taxed ones are US taxpayers. Obviously the very wealthy are a major part of those that have cash to lend the government. When the wealthy buy the debt of the US government they are making a profit off of the rest of the taxpayers and not investing the money in the private sector. When in the First World War it was decided to allow the public to buy the war debt rather than only raise taxes. see:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Treasury_security . Since then government bonds have become an important part of an investment portfolio.
And it was during the initial Bush tax cut arguments that the question of paying back the US government debt too quickly took place. One argument that I do not remember seeing is that by eliminating the US government debt, there would not be the opportunity for the wealthy to both profit from investing in government debt in three ways: direct interest profit, hedge/diversification for riskier investments and from not having paid the taxes for which the government borrowing was necessary. Like other investments, there is tax on the interest. And the more the government borrows the more that those who cannot lend the government increasing amounts end up paying in interest payments to those who do.
Here are two methods of stopping the transfer of wealth from those who do not buy government debt to those who are wealthy. First, only give tax cuts to the very wealthy when the debt is at zero. The second is that until the debt is finally paid off, the very wealthy must choose to either go back to the rates that will quickly return the budget to surplus or not be allowed to buy government debt. In this way most people will not have to shoulder the costs of the current system of allowing some to avoid paying regular taxes with money that they turn around and lend to the government.
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